Analysis of Bus-stops locations using Geographic Information System in Ibadan North L.G.A Nigeria

This study focuses on the determination of best location for bus stops  to enhance public transport in Ibadan north, Oyo State.The significance of having suitable locations for Bus stop is recognised as a crucial element in the drive to improve the quality of bus services and public transport in general.This study employs the tools of Geographic Information System (GIS) in the determination of the suitability of the bus stops location, stop spacing and the evaluation of characteristics of the existing stops in the study area. The major roads and bus stops in Ibadan North Local Government were identified and the roads were digitized as line features. Garmin 12 Global Positioning System Receiver (GPS) was used to get the locations of the bus stop. The GPS was calibrated to Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) and World Geodetic System 84 (wgs84) as the datum. For this study, determination of best locations for the bus stop is based on three (3) criteria; these are four hundred (400) meters bus stop interval on the major road, available setback from the road ideal for bus Stop shelter and slope. Thereafter, poorly located bus stops were identified by adding the existing bus stop layer on the suitability map derived from determination of best locations for the bus stops. In all, seventy two (72) existing bus stops were identified, using the stated criteria for classifying the already existing bus stops. The analysis showed that there are four (4) very good bus stops, thirty five (35) good bus stops and thirty three (33) bad bus stops. The paper recommends that guidelines for locating stops should be followed to reduce the risk, accessibility to stops should be considered by standard spacing and by considering marginal walking distance. The conclusion was that giving bus stops location a thorough consideration would help in a long way in enhancing public transport system by boosting the principle of good access which is Safety, Affordability, Accessibility and Reliability. Keywords: Public Transport, GIS, Bus-stops Location

The Utility of Geographic Information System GIS in Transport Data Integration for Economic Development : Evidence from Ibadan, Nigeria

This study sets out to assess the capability of Geographic Information System GIS in Transport Data Integration for Economic development in Ibadan Nigeria The study entails an analysis of transport data need and an assessment of their relevance in economic planning This need is set against the background of large body of data involved in transportation planning and management The Methodology entails some processes such as data integration data standardization and spatial referencing and interfacing The study shows the importance of referencing of socio-economic data and location referencing in economic planning to assist in economic development Arc GIS programme is employed for integrating data such as demand data i e demographic data land use data economic data and travel supply data such as road networks and related facilitie

An Assessment of Public Transport Security and Safety: An Examination of Lagos Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Nigeria

This paper aims to assess the security and safety of public transport in the context of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Lagos Nigeria. This study takes into cognizance the BRT routes with the operational facilities cum public perception of the public transport security and safety. The study entails exposition of risks and challenges of public transport as part of literature.  It examines the risks and challenges in public transport as it relates to passengers experience in respect with the state of BRT in the study area. The focus of this study is the examination of Lagos BRT, the study of the Mile 12 – Tafawa Balewa Square (TBS) corridor. A total number of 153 respondents participated in the survey. From the survey, over 110 responsdents which is more than 70 per cent has not been victim or witness the various incidents either in BRT bus. A Correlation Analysis test is used to test the relationship in the Use of BRT for trip made and other choices. The P value is 0.523, which is greater than 0.005 (P> 0.05) and the decision is to accept Ho. Also, the test result shown that there is positive linear relationship between distance from the BRT bus stops from offices/homes and threat in BRT bus stops as the P value is 0.629, this is greater 0.05 (P>0.05). However, after observing the p value(s) for ‘Occurence’ between the rate of being attacked and being threatened, it is clear that the two groups do not differ (p>0.05).  P value gives conclusive evidence that there is no difference in rate of being attacked and being threatened. Based on this study, there is need to address the risks and challenges identified, this would pen-ultimately posit Lagos BRT to overcome some of these forces that are undermining its safety and security challenges.  The recommendation on the real time devices must be adopted and implemented, this would redefine the entire Lagos BRT as a means of public transport. Key words: Public Transport, Security, Safety, Lagos BR

Assessing School Travel Safety in Scotland: An Empirical Analysis of Injury Severities for Accidents in the School Commute

School travel has been a significant source of safety concerns for children, parents, and public authorities. It will continue to be a source of concerns as long as severe accidents continue to emerge during pupils’ commute to school. This study provides an empirical analysis of the factors influencing the injury severities of the accidents that occurred on trips to or from school in Scotland. Using 9-year data from the STATS19 public database, random parameter binary logit models with allowances for heterogeneity in the means were estimated in order to investigate injury severities in urban and rural areas. The results suggested that factors such as the road type, lighting conditions, vehicle type, and age of the driver or casualty constitute the common determinants of injury severities in both urban and rural areas. Single carriageways and vehicles running on heavy oil engines were found to induce opposite effects in urban and rural areas, whereas the involvement of a passenger car in the accident decomposed various layers of unobserved heterogeneity for both area types. The findings of this study can inform future policy interventions with a focus on traffic calming in the proximity of schools

Addressing Unobserved Heterogeneity in the Analysis of Bicycle Crash Injuries in Scotland: A Correlated Random Parameters Ordered Probit Approach with Heterogeneity in Means

This paper investigates the determinants of injury severities in single-bicycle and bicycle-motor vehicle crashes by estimating correlated random parameter ordered probit models with heterogeneity in the means. This modeling approach extends the frontier of the conventional random parameters by capturing the likely correlations among the random parameters and relaxing the fixed nature of the means for the mixing distributions of the random parameters. The empirical analysis was based on a publicly available database of police crash reports in the UK using information from crashes occurred on urban and rural carriageways of Scotland between 2010 and 2018. The model estimation results show that various crash, road, location, weather, and driver or cyclist characteristics affect the injury severities for both categories of crashes. The heterogeneity-in-the-means structure allowed the incorporation of a distinct layer of heterogeneity in the statistical analysis, as the means of the random parameters were found to vary as a function of crash or driver/cyclist characteristics. The correlation of the random parameters enabled the identification of complex interactive effects of the unobserved characteristics captured by road, location and environmental factors. Overall, the determinants of injury severities are found to vary between single-bicycle and bicycle-motor vehicle crashes, whereas a number of common determinants are associated with different effects in terms of magnitude and sign. The comparison of the proposed methodological framework with less sophisticated ordered probit models demonstrated its relative benefits in terms of statistical fit, explanatory power and forecasting accuracy as well as its potential to capture unobserved heterogeneity to a greater extent

Examination of On-Street Parking and Traffic Congestion Problems in Lokoja

Parking and traffic congestion is synonymous to each other because failure to meet parking demand of people in a city lead to on-street parking that results to traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. The availability of less space in urban areas has increased demand for parking space especially in central business area. Inadequate off-street parking in most of our urban centres has metamorphosed to the problem of on-street parking coupled with inadequate traffic management commonly experienced today in most Nigerian cities. In view of the above, this research work examined the menace of on-street parking and traffic congestion problems in Lokoja, Nigeria. The study was conducted using questionnaires and field observation to collect the required data at the locations/corridors in the city where on-street parking and traffic congestion were prominent and also, adequate survey of the traffic devices in the locations of study was also conducted to determine it functionality. Four hundred and fifty one (451) questionnaires were administered to the shop-owners, one hundred and seventy four (174) to the parked vehicle-owners and one hundred and two (102) to the commuters, to make a total of seven hundred and twenty seven (727) research samples. Finding revealed that inadequate parking, infectiveness of traffic devices, absences of loading and offloading bays etc have caused on-street parking and traffic congestion in Lokoja. To reduce the menace, policy measures are recommended among which are; institution of enforcement of traffic rules and regulations by disciplined law enforcement agents, relocation of certain activities that caused on-street parking and introduction of intelligent transport system which make use of sustainable devices such as Bluetooth and other communication/mobile devices, traffic management improvement and provision of off-street parking facilities in the city plan. Key word: Transportation, on-street parking, traffic management, urban center, traffic congestion, Lokoj

Analysis of Pedestrian Accident Injury-Severities at Road Junctions and Crossings using an Advanced Random Parameter Modelling Framework: The Case of Scotland

This paper investigates the determinants of injury severities in pedestrian-motor vehicle accidents at signalised and unsignalised junctions, and at physically-controlled and human-controlled crossings in Scotland. The accident data were drawn from the official police crash report database of the UK spanning a period between 2010 and 2018. Correlated random parameter ordered probit models with heterogeneity in the means were developed in order to account for the multi-layered impact of unobserved heterogeneity on statistical estimation. The model estimation results showed that the severities of accident injuries are affected by roadway, location, weather, vehicle, and driver characteristics as well as temporal attributes (including time and day of the accident). Factors such as the urban context, lighting and weather conditions and road surface conditions were found to result in correlated random parameters, thus capturing the intricate, yet interactive effects of unobserved heterogeneity, and particularly the unobserved behavioural response of road users to different traffic control types at junctions and crossings. Vehicle type, driver’s gender and day-of-the-week were observed to influence the random parameters' distributions. Empirically, the results showcase variations in the determinants of injury severities at signalised and unsignalised junctions, and at physically-controlled and human-controlled crossings. Even though most of these variations were related to the magnitude of impact of the determinants, differences in the directional effects on injury severities were also identified, mainly for factors related to weather conditions, hazard presence on the road, and temporal characteristics of the accidents

Multicriteria evaluation of the quality of service of informal public transport: An empirical evidence from Ibadan, Nigeria

Developing countries experience a decline in bus public transport investments. Yet informal public transport has continued to grow rapidly. Previous studies have evaluated the Quality of Service (QoS) provided by such informal transport but a multi-criteria evaluation that considers various stakeholders in the Global South is missing. A case study was carried out in three local government areas in Ibadan, the third largest city in Nigeria, with a focus on identifying criteria to develop an evaluation model for QoS. Information on user perceptions of the identified QoS criteria was collected through the administration of questionnaires onboard and offboard, using stratified system random sampling. Weights of the variables for the determination of the QoS of the IPT were determined from stakeholder focus groups. Weights were assigned to each of the observed variables of the set criteria, which serve as indicators for the assessment of the quality of service. The multi-criteria included accessibility, affordability travel, waiting time, travel time, seat comfort, transport fares, safety, and the drivers’ attitude. Findings from the application of the multi criteria evaluation model indicate an all-round low quality of service to all criteria applied. In particular, the study observes a low accessibility of informal transport service in Ibadan compared to other similar studies. The poor service quality experienced make the transport cost considerably unaffordable (value for money) given low quality in-bus comfort due to poor seats and crowding at terminals and in bus, low safety standards due to road unworthy buses, long travel time due to delays at loading terminals and undesignated frequent in passenger pick and drop points, and experiences of aggressive and reckless drivers. This paper advances new understanding in two arenas: firstly, that informal public transport has positive contribution to the Nigerian economy in general but needs policy support for strengthening its resilience; secondly, a new methodology, the multi-criteria evaluation model that was developed in this paper has potential for transferability in the evaluation of the quality of service of IPT. This is because the model although showed that QoS of IPT in the case study area of Ibadan is low however has demonstrated its ability to integrate range of criteria that are context-specific, for assessing the QoS of public transport

Assessing the Impact of 20 mph Speed Limits on Vehicle Speeds in Rural Areas: The Case of the Scottish Borders

This paper aims at delivering new empirical evidence as to the effectiveness of 20mph speed limits in rural areas. For this purpose, speed and traffic data were drawn from the area of the Scottish Borders, UK, where the local Council led the rollout of a 20mph speed limit trial in 97 villages and towns from October 2020. This intervention is considered as one of the first of its kind in the UK and overseas, as it was carried out on a large scale, in predominantly rural areas. To evaluate the impact of the 20mph speed limit on vehicle speeds, we conducted a “before–after” quantitative analysis using traffic and speed data collected in different waves before and after the intervention. The descriptive analysis showed that both mean and 85th percentile speeds reduced directly after the introduction of the 20mph speed limit (by 3.1 mph and 3.2 mph, respectively), and that such speed reductions were largely maintained even up to eight months after the onset of the intervention. The largest speed reductions were observed in locations with high-speed patterns before the intervention, and especially in those having mean speeds greater than 25 mph before the intervention. Both non-parametric and parametric statistical tests, which were conducted using approximately five million speed observations, showed that the observed speed changes were statistically significant for the vast majority of cases. Linear regression models were also estimated confirming the significant impact of the 20mph limit on vehicle speeds, while controlling for the influence of traffic volume. Overall, the findings of this study will likely assist in filling an evidence gap regarding the effectiveness of 20mph speed limits in rural settlements. They can also provide encouragement to those local authorities in the UK and abroad that are currently actively examining the possibility of setting the 20mph as the default limit in built-up areas